Mary McLeod Bethune

First African American woman to head a federal agency

Renowned educator and reformer Mary McLeod Bethune (1875–1955) dedicated her life to organizing and empowering African American women to work for equality. In 1914, Bethune founded the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute for Training Negro Girls that gave Florida students the tools they needed to become community leaders. In the 1930s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed her director of the Division of Negro Affairs in the National Youth Administration, making her the first African American woman to head a federal agency.

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Mary McLeod Bethune

Artist: Betsy Graves Reyneau, 1888 - 1964
Sitter: Mary McLeod Bethune, 10 Jul 1875 - 18 May 1955

Exhibition Label: On paper, the New Deal programs enacted to ease the economic sufferings of the Depression were open to everyone, but in practice, racial discrimination often kept African Americans from sharing in their full benefits. A black educator and founder of Bethune-Cookman College, Mary McLeod Bethune was determined to correct that inequity. As an official in the National Youth Administration, she proved remarkably effective in assuring blacks access to its employment programs. But her efforts did not stop there. In 1936 she was the chief organizer of a group of Washington-based African American leaders known as the "black cabinet," whose self-appointed mission was to maintain steady pressure on the federal government to create better job opportunities for blacks. Bethune had no physical need for the cane she holds in her portrait. She used it, she said, to give herself "swank."; The Harmon Foundation, a philanthropic organization based in New York City and active from (1922-1967) included this portrait in their exhibition “Portraits of Outstanding Americans of Negro Origins” which documented noteworthy African Americans’ contributions to the country. Modeling their goal of social equality, the Harmon sought portraits from an African-American artist, Laura Wheeler Waring and Euro-American artist, Betsy Graves Reyneau. The two painters followed the conventional codes of academic portraiture, seeking to convey their sitters extraordinary accomplishments. This painting, along with a variety of educational materials, toured nation-wide for ten years serving as a visual rebuttal to racism.
Provenance: Harmon Foundation; gift 1967 to NPG.

Credit Line: National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; gift of the Harmon Foundation

1943

Object number: NPG.67.78

Restrictions & Rights: Usage conditions apply
Copyright: © Peter Edward Fayard

Type: Painting

Medium: Oil on canvas
Dimensions: Stretcher: 114.9 x 89.5 x 2.5cm (45 1/4 x 35 1/4 x 1"); Frame: 133.4 x 108 x 6.4cm (52 1/2 x 42 1/2 x 2 1/2")

Exhibition: 20th Century Americans: 1930-1960
On View: NPG, South Gallery 321

National Portrait Gallery

Topic: Interior; Artwork\Painting; Equipment\Walking stick\Cane; Home Furnishings\Globe; Mary McLeod Bethune: Female; Mary McLeod Bethune: Education\Founder\School; Mary McLeod Bethune: Education\Educator\Teacher; Mary McLeod Bethune: Society and Social Change\Philanthropist; Mary McLeod Bethune: Education\Administrator\College\President; Portrait

Record ID: npg_NPG.67.78

Usage of Metadata (Object Detail Text): Usage conditions apply

GUID (Link to Original Record): http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/sm4ee515c6d-2679-449b-a721-6b43ad1bdd4a