Mary McLeod Bethune
First African American woman to head a federal agency
Renowned educator and reformer Mary McLeod Bethune (1875–1955) dedicated her life to organizing and empowering African American women to work for equality. In 1914, Bethune founded the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute for Training Negro Girls that gave Florida students the tools they needed to become community leaders. In the 1930s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed her director of the Division of Negro Affairs in the National Youth Administration, making her the first African American woman to head a federal agency.
Mary McLeod Bethune
Object Details
- See more items in
- National Portrait Gallery Collection
- Exhibition
- 20th Century Americans: 1930-1960
- On View
- NPG, South Gallery 321
- Date
- 1943
- Object number
- NPG.67.78
- Exhibition Label
- On paper, the New Deal programs enacted to ease the economic sufferings of the Depression were open to everyone, but in practice, racial discrimination often kept African Americans from sharing in their full benefits. A black educator and founder of Bethune-Cookman College, Mary McLeod Bethune was determined to correct that inequity. As an official in the National Youth Administration, she proved remarkably effective in assuring blacks access to its employment programs. But her efforts did not stop there. In 1936 she was the chief organizer of a group of Washington-based African American leaders known as the "black cabinet," whose self-appointed mission was to maintain steady pressure on the federal government to create better job opportunities for blacks. Bethune had no physical need for the cane she holds in her portrait. She used it, she said, to give herself "swank."
- Provenance
- Harmon Foundation; gift 1967 to NPG.
- Collection Description
- The Harmon Foundation, a philanthropic organization based in New York City (active 1922–1967), included this portrait in their exhibition Portraits of Outstanding Americans of Negro Origin, which opened at the Smithsonian in 1944 and documented noteworthy African Americans’ contributions to the country. Modeling their goal of social equality, the Harmon sought portraits from African American artist Laura Wheeler Waring and Euro-American artist Betsy Graves Reyneau. The two painters followed the conventional codes of academic portraiture, seeking to convey their sitters’ extraordinary accomplishments. This painting, along with a variety of educational materials, toured nation-wide for ten years, serving as a visual rebuttal to racism.
- La Harmon Foundation, entidad filantrópica con sede en la ciudad de Nueva York (activa entre 1922 y 1967), incluyó este retrato en Portraits of Outstanding Americans of Negro Origin (Retratos de estadounidenses destacados de origen negro), una exposición inaugurada en la Smithsonian en 1944 que documentó las aportaciones de afroamericanos notables al país. A tono con sus ideales de igualdad social, la fundación encargó retratos a la artista afroamericana Laura Wheeler Waring y a la euroamericana Betsy Graves Reyneau. Ambas adoptaron los códigos convencionales del retrato académico para comunicar en sus obras los logros extraordinarios de sus modelos. Esta pintura, junto con diversos materiales educativos, viajó por la nación durante diez años planteando una impugnación visual del racismo.
- Credit Line
- National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; gift of the Harmon Foundation
- Artist
- Betsy Graves Reyneau, 1888 - 1964
- Sitter
- Mary McLeod Bethune, 10 Jul 1875 - 18 May 1955
- Topic
- Interior
- Artwork\Painting
- Equipment\Walking stick\Cane
- Home Furnishings\Globe
- Mary McLeod Bethune: Female
- Mary McLeod Bethune: Education\Founder\School
- Mary McLeod Bethune: Education\Educator\Teacher
- Mary McLeod Bethune: Society and Social Change\Philanthropist
- Mary McLeod Bethune: Education\Administrator\College\President
- Portrait
- Medium
- Oil on canvas
- Dimensions
- Stretcher: 114.9 x 89.5 x 2.5cm (45 1/4 x 35 1/4 x 1")
- Frame: 133.4 x 108 x 6.4cm (52 1/2 x 42 1/2 x 2 1/2")
- Data Source
- National Portrait Gallery
- Restrictions & Rights
- Usage conditions apply
- Copyright
- © Peter Edward Fayard
- Type
- Painting
- Metadata Usage
- Usage conditions apply
- Record ID
- npg_NPG.67.78
Mary McLeod Bethune
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